Inheritance and Glorification; Romans
Review:
NASB – verses
17
“... and if
children, heirs also, heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ, if indeed we
suffer with Him so that we may also
be glorified with Him...”
Corrected
translation– verses 17
“... and if
children heirs also, heirs of God, and fellow heirs with Christ if indeed we
suffer with Him so that we may also
be glorified with Him...”
We saw last time
that this verse is incorrectly punctuated in most English translations, were it
makes it look like heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ are synonyms when
in fact there are two different categories of inheritance. If they are synonyms,
the problem is the conditional clause would then make inheritance ‘being heirs
of God and joint heirs with Christ’ which is equivalent to salvation,
conditioned upon suffering with Christ and if that is a condition for salvation
then salvation isn’t by faith alone, its faith plus suffering. That is not what
the Gospel says so we therefore know that this is talking about something in
addition to salvation. An heir of God is for every believer, a fellow heir with
Christ is only for those who are advancing towards spiritual maturity.
10. The problem that we have in understanding
the inheritance passages is that there are passages that speak of inheritance as a permanent
possession based on faith alone in Christ alone. For example:
Ø
Galatians
3:29, “...and if you
belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's descendants, heirs according to promise...”
Ø
Galatians
4:1, “...Now I say, [That]
the heir, as long as he is a child, differed nothing from a servant, though he
be lord of all...”
Ø
1
Peter 1:4 – 5, “...to
{obtain} an inheritance {which is} imperishable and undefiled and will not fade
away, reserved in heaven for you who are protected by the power of God through
faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time...”
Ø
Titus
3: 5 – 7, “...He saved us,
not on the basis of deeds which we have done in righteousness, but according to
His mercy, by the washing of regeneration and renewing by the Holy Spirit, whom
He poured out upon us richly through Jesus Christ our Saviour so that being
justified by His grace we might be made heirs according to {the} hope of
eternal life...”
But there are also passages that speak of
inheritance as an acquisition or a reward to the believer and if inheritance
means eternity in heaven then there are some people that can never be saved and
others will lose there salvation. We see this problem in a passage like:
Ø Ephesians 5:5 says, “...For this you know with certainty, that no
immoral or impure person or covetous man, who is an idolater, has an
inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God...”
Ø If entering the
Ø Colossians
So obviously the scriptures talk about
different categories of inheritance.
11. There are two categories of inheritance
1.
Inheriting
the kingdom:
Ø Ephesians 5:5 says, “...For this you know with certainty, that no
immoral or impure person or covetous man, who is an idolater, has an
inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God...”
Ø 1 Cor. 6: 9 – 10, “...Or do you not know that the
unrighteous will not inherit the
Ø Colossians
2.
Inheriting
salvation, which is for every believer:
Ø Hebrews 1:14, “...Are they not all ministering spirits, sent out
to render service for the sake of those who will inherit salvation?”
12. Just as Christ inherits the kingdom due to
his loyalty to God the Father so will every believer who is a joint heir with
Christ. Just as Christ inherits the
kingdom as a result of His loyalty and His obedience to God the Father
according to Hebrews 8:1, 8 – 9, so will joint heirs with Christ. It is an
additional reward given to believers on the basis of their spiritual growth and
their advance to spiritual maturity. The concept of inheritance really goes
back to the Old Testament concept of inheritance which has the meaning of
possession. God has given something that is yours and you have to go out and conquer
it. This is the concept with the 12 tribes of
13.
There
is a difference between living in the Kingdom and reigning with Christ. This is
seen in problem passages in 2 Timothy 2:11 – 13, which some people think that
you can lose your salvation but what this means is quite different.
2 Timothy
It is a
trustworthy statement:
For if we died with Him, we
will also live with Him;
This is a first
class condition and we did, this is positional death, at the instant of
salvation we are identification with
Christ in His death, burial and resurrection (Romans 6:1 – 5 ), if you died with Him (if you are identified
with Christ in His death burial and resurrection) at the instant of salvation
therefore you will live with Him. You will live in the kingdom; you will live
for ever and have eternal life.
If we endure, we will also
reign with Him;
This is secondary,
this is not believing, there is a difference between enduring hupomenō which
is persistence and believing in Christ. Persistence has to do with how obedient
and how consistent you are in advancing to spiritual maturity. “...if you endure, you will reign...”
That’s the reward, it is reigning with Christ.
If we deny Him, He also will
deny us;
“We” being
believers, notice that he is talking about believers. This is not a rejection
of Christ at the cross. This is if we deny Him in our lives, this is the person
who goes out and lives like an unbeliever and who couldn’t care less about
doctrine, goes to church occasionally, eventually not at all, ‘the nod to God
crowd’ they give their little ‘token nod’ to God at Christmas, Easter and every
other year. What does He deny us? Salvation? No! That is contradicted by the
next verse. He denies us rewards, we can’t reign and rule with Him in the Messianic
Kingdom. We will live but we will not rule and reign.
If we are faithless, He
remains faithful; for He cannot deny Himself.
That is the person
who denies Him; he is faithless and does not advance through the faith rest
drill to spiritual maturity. “...If we are faithless, He remains faithful...” See,
God never changes, His salvation was never based on our faithfulness or
faithlessness at all, and it is based exclusively in what He did on the cross.
So even when we fail, even when we are faithless He remains faithful because He
cannot deny Himself. Salvation is based on the character of Christ and the character
of God the Father, it is never based on our character either our successes or
failures but it does effect our position in eternity.
There is a
difference between living in the kingdom and reigning with Christ.
14. Thus the kingdom has been promised to those
who love God and NOT ALL BELIEVERS LOVE GOD! It takes doctrine in the soul to
love God. You can’t love someone you don’t know and if you don’t know anything
about God except your own emotional feelings (a lot of people are impressed by
the feelings that are generated when they start thinking about lofty things
such as God and then they are impressed with their own feelings and they think
God must also be impressed with those feelings and so they think they are
spiritual) but they don’t love God because they don’t know God because there is
no content of doctrine in their soul, they have never grappled with the
scriptures. The kingdom has been promised to those who love God and we have
seen in our study of John 15 that those who love God keep my commandments. So
you have to know the commandments of scripture, you have to know the mandates
and the prohibitions of scripture in order to obey them, in order to
demonstrate that you have love. Love is not just feelings; love is
demonstrated by actions; by mental attitude actions, as well as overt actions.
So those who love God are those who keep His commandments and not all believers
love God. Love for God is expressed through obedience to God, John 14: 21 – 24.
The illustration comes form the Old Testament illustration of Esau. Isaac had
twin sons, Jacob and Esau. Esau came out first so he was the first born chronologically
and he was to receive the double portion of the inheritance but he sold his
birthright. He sold it for a bowl of lentil soup, it was more important to him
then his own inheritance and birth right which had spiritual significance, so
therefore he was no longer the prototokos the first born, Jacob became the first
born. Hebrews
15. There is a warning in many places in scripture
and one is given in 1 Cor. 6:9 ff. to the carnal Corinthians, you must remember
that Paul is talking to a bunch of believers in Corinth that are as licentious,
immoral, screwed up, angry, they are committing all kinds of sacrifices in the
pagan temple, there is incest, temple prostitution, they are getting involved
in the mysticism of the fertility cults, the women are running the church and
speaking out, there are all types of problems where the wives are asserting their
authority over the men and the men are turning into passive lambs and letting
the women walk all over them in their marriages. That has to be straightened
out and there are all kinds of problems, there is arrogance there, they are
divided and there are all kinds of overt sins; so Paul says in
1 Cor. 6:9ff, “...Or do you not know that the
unrighteous will not inherit the
It is important to understand what he is talking about
here, the “...some of you...” means that the ‘you’ is plural, some of “you
all.” The “you all” are saved, the “some” are no longer operating on carnality
but this is a minority. But it is only the “some” who have had any level of
sanctification and spiritual growth, the rest of them are all still committing
that host of sins, so he is warning them that if you don’t get with the word,
start using 1 John 1:9 so that you can advance. That is God’s grace procedure
for you if you have screwed up and if you are still alive God still has a plan
for your life and you can go forward. You use 1 John 1:9, that doesn’t start
you growing but it puts you in a position where you can grow and then you have
to get into the word and the more screwed up you have gotten the more carnality
you have got in your life, the more the relativistic your standards have
become, the more intense you Bible study ought to be.
Corrected
translation – verses 17
“... and if
children heirs also, heirs of God, and fellow heirs with Christ if indeed we
suffer with Him so that we may also
be glorified with Him...”
...If indeed we
suffer with Christ...
There is a purpose
for the suffering and that is given in a heina clause that stresses the purpose
here for the suffering. It is not just some sort of masochistic suffering, we
are not out to just suffer for suffering sake we “...suffer with Him so that we may also be glorified
with Him...” The word translated suffering here is the
Greek word sumpaschō is a
present active indicative, first person plural from the verb sumpaschō,
now sum
is the preposition sum which
means with or together with and paschō
is the verb for suffering, it is related to paschō,
it is frequently used in passages to describe the intense suffering that Christ
went through on the cross when He died as a substitute for our sins but it is
not restricted to atonement suffering.
How do we suffer
with Christ? There were two different ways the believer can suffer with Christ
and there were two categories of suffering in the life of Christ
1.
You
can’t suffer with Christ in his atoning suffering; we can do nothing to help
Christ die on the cross for our sins. The word paschō
is also entomologically related to the other word used for suffering in this
passage and they both come from the same root which in Greek is pathēma
they can be used in non technical ways and not just talking about what happened
on the cross.
2.
The second way in which Christ
suffered was during his life, living in the devil’s world without a sin nature
undergoing testing and temptation adversity day in and day out. In His humanity
He still had to advance to spiritual maturity, He had to learn things and that
is what Hebrews 8:5 says “...Although
He was a Son [deity], He learned obedience from the things which He suffered [paschō]...” There it is the aorist active indicative, third person singular of
paschō indicating that Jesus
pioneered for us the Spiritual life by persevering in learning doctrine and
walking consistently in dependence on God the Holy Spirit. Day in and day out.
He faced situations where He had to make a choice as to whether to react by
sinning or whether to respond doing what God says to do. Most of us think
testing is the big things in life, like we lose our job, or we come home and we
find that our spouse has left us or perhaps a close friend, child, parent dies,
or we are the victim of a heinous crime, that’s what we think of as testing but
you see the real tests in life are not that exciting. The real tests of life
occur when you are driving down the highway and somebody cuts you off and you
are going to decide whether or not you are going to respond in anger and salute
them or you are just going to say something like “Well, I’m glad you are
enjoying your day, I’m going to trust the Lord and I’m not going to get angry.”
That’s a test and you are going to decide whether or not you are going to apply
doctrine or handle the problem through your own sin nature. Or maybe you are a
husband and you have something you want to do and your wife wants you to do
something else, you realise that you are to love your wife as Christ loved the
Church and so you are going to give up what you want so that you can do
something that encourages her. It happens when you are a wife and you know you
can win the argument but you need to submit to his leadership so you say ‘yes
honey, I will do what you want to do and we will follow that path.’ Because
that is what scripture says is how we are to respond to the tests of life, day
in and day out, we continuously have to face those things. The husband who is
inconsiderate of what is going on with his wife’s life, can’t be loving her as
Christ loved the Church and the wife who is always challenging his authority
and not being submissive, well she can’t advance to spiritual maturity because
you are not learning obedience from the things you suffer. You are just
suffering! You have to learn something, the only way to learn obedience when
you are going through those little tests is by being obedient. It is by doing
what the word says to do, not by saying ‘oh well I will just confess that sin
and move on’ well all you are going to end up doing is bouncing in and out of
fellowship, being carnal one minute and spiritual the next, but you are not
going to go anywhere and you only go somewhere by obedience. So Jesus did this by developing all the
spiritual skills.
We define skill as proficiency, adeptness or
a dexterity, which is acquired or developed through training or experience. Now
proficiency or adeptness or dexterity means that you become proficient at doing
this. What ever the skill is you become proficient, it becomes second nature to
you, you are adept at it, and it looks to other people as though it is a
talent. Dexterity means that you are nimble and that you can do a lot and you
are very quick and so this is the person who instantly responds to a situation
with one of the problem solving devices, one of the stress busters. That is why
they are called spiritual skills and you have to practice them like any skill
in life whether it is piano, whether it is singing, whether it is any kind of
skill in carpentry, whether it is working on something on the computer. You
have to practice it over and over again and just remember practice doesn’t make
perfect, perfect practice makes perfect. If you practice making the same
mistake over and over again, then all you are going to do is perfect
imperfection. That is what a lot of Christians are doing because they keep
thinking is that all that I have to do to advance is just keep confessing the
sin with out ever advancing to obedience in the arena that they keep sinning.
Jesus developed these as skills He practiced them, over and over again and He
follows the stair step of every single believer, He started off in spiritual
childhood and this is called teknon in the
Greek.
The stress busters:
i.
The initial stress buster is
confession of sin, this is admitting or acknowledging our sins to God the
Father because that puts us back in fellowship where we are filled with the
Spirit and where we are abiding in Christ so that we can have divine power to
advance in the spiritual life.
ii.
The filling of the Holy Spirit or
walking by means of the Holy Spirit, Ephesians
iii.
The faith-rest Drill and 1 Peter
1:3 – 4 which shows that we are advanced by the promises God gave us. We have
to mix faith with the promises of God. If you do not know any promises you can’t
mix faith with it, if you don’t know any promises you are never going to
advance and that is why most Christians can’t go anywhere because they can’t
list on one finger the promises that they know from memory.
iv.
Grace orientation and we have to
understand grace orientation or you will never understand impersonal love or
personal love and if you don’t understand grace then your love will always be
tainted with conditions and legalism and you will have screwy relationships and
you will end up a failure in marriage. Even if you stay together most of your
life you will probably be miserable or your spouse will.
v.
Doctrinal orientation where you align
your thinking to the absolutes of God’s word. 2 Peter
Then we have the big transition to spiritual
adolescence, called young men in 1 John 2:13, neaniskos in the Greek and this
is...
vi.
The personal sense of our eternal
destiny and that is what we are talking about in inheritance and that is our
destiny. When you get to a point where you realise that there is an eternal
destiny that is more incredible then anything that you will ever face in life
that is going to start motivating you. That’s what happens in spiritual adolescence
you begin to be motivated not by what is happening today, not just so that I
can go to Bible class and go home and find something that I can apply this
afternoon but so that I can be prepared for eternity so that I can have the
capacity to enjoy it when I get there and not be like the failures who end up
in heaven and say, ‘where am I, is this heaven?’
The third level of spiritual growth is
spiritual adulthood, huios adult
sons in our passages where Paul makes a difference between children teknon
and adult son’s huios, these
advance problem solving devices or spiritual skills are the love triplex, they
relate to one another and we build on them incrementally as we advance
spiritually:
vii.
Personal love for God, Romans 5:5
viii.
Impersonal love for all mankind,
Galatians 5:14
ix.
Occupation with Christ.
x.
Sharing the happiness of God or
+H in James 1:2, “...Consider
it all joy, my brethren, when you encounter various trials, knowing that the
testing of your faith produces endurance. And let endurance have {its} perfect
result, so that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing...” Only
then can we bear much fruit and have the maximum glorification of God.
That is why we
move on in the spiritual skills. That’s the importance, that’s why we suffer
with Jesus Christ, this isn’t big suffering this isn’t the kind of martyrdom
that you might envision, this isn’t going down to live somewhere where no body
is a believer so that you are always ridiculed, this isn’t some kind of asceticism
that I am going to give up everything for Jesus and go live out in the
wilderness like a monk, and try and impress people and God with what I suffered.
This isn’t what this is talking about; notice how there is a shift in the next
verse.
In the next verse
the point is in sanctification, the goal of sanctification. When we are using
all of those stress busters we are inside the divine fortification and that
protects us from all adversity so that it is not converted into stress in the
soul.
Verse 18 states, “...For
I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be
compared with the glory that is to be revealed to us...”
Now when he says
the word suffering here, he uses the Greek word, pathēma
and that is another form and it comes form the same entomological root as paschō
that we saw in the previous verse. So when he says in verse 18, “for I consider
that the sufferings” pathēma and he
just talked about suffering in 17, he links the two. So that shows that those
who say that the suffering in verse 17 is identified with Christ on the cross,
shows the error of that position. For Paul is not talking about that kind of
suffering, he is talking about the day to day adversities and choices that we
face as believers. Here he is pointing out in the next few verses is what
motivates us to the future which is phase three glorification. When you
understand what’s this is all about that is what turns you around and kicks you
in the rear to motivate you. The motivation of a young believer is ‘I want to
learn more, I want to understand the Bible, I want to understand why this is
true and how the dispensations work and what is going to happen in the future,
and those types of questions,’ but when you get past that what happens 80% of
the time when a believer gets to the point where their questions are satisfied
you quit seeing them in Bible class. ‘I’m satisfied, my questions are answered,
I know it all, I can answer those questions’ so they are no longer there,
because what happens is that at the end of spiritual childhood, you are
entering into spiritual adolescence, your motivation has to shift, your
motivation is no longer how do I learn what to do? The motivation is now loving
God, so that I can advance to spiritual maturity. That is a hard transition for
people to make and most Christians don’t do it. They never quite grasp the fact
that they have an inheritance that is at stake and that only by advancing to
spiritual maturity can they ever hope to glorify God. We studied phase one justification,
it is a moment in time when we trust Christ alone for your salvation, Phase two
is the spiritual life advancing from spiritual infancy to spiritual adulthood
when you apply the word and you are freed from the power of sin to phase three
ultimate sanctification called glorification when we are freed from the
presence of sin.
Phase two flowchart, you have the operation
of your volition, you have a test. A test is any opportunity to either apply
doctrine or not apply doctrine, your volition comes into play and you either
respond positively and apply doctrine which moves you into production of divine
good and you start experiencing the abundant life and your life produces the
evidence that God’s will is good, acceptable and perfect, according to Romans
12:2 this in turn produces steadfast endurance and leads to the adult spiritual
life and this is a cycle energized by walking by means of the Spirit or you can
be negative, that leads to sin, human good and temporal death and that
increases to weakness and instability, to spiritual regression and a hardened
heart and you become like the Israelites in the Judges. You are sunken knee
deep in reversionism and it just gets worse. So that continues. Then in phase
three you are at the judgement seat of Christ you will either receive rewards
and inheritance or loss of rewards and temporary shame. That is the overall
view.
Paul says in Romans
“...For I consider
...” this is the present active indicative of the Greek word logizomai which
means he is thinking, he is not emoting, he is not feeling, he is meditating logizomai,
means to think, reason, to contemplate or to meditate. This means he is
stopping his distractions and he is focusing on doctrine, “when I start
thinking about all of this I began to realise that all the little petty
suffering that I am going through, these little problems that I have are
nothing when I come to the glory that is to be revealed, when I compare this to
phase three glorification all these problems that I am going through are
nothing by comparison, in fact they are tremendous because these are what will
advance me to spiritual maturity, so therefore I can really glory in them and
have joy.
Paul says in Romans
The sufferings
that he is talking about is the word pathēma
and according to the Loonitus
(Symantec) lexicon this means to
experience strong physical desire, that is what I am talking about, it is not
some big adversity that comes along but it is what is going on in the turmoil
of our soul, making the choice between applying doctrine and not applying
doctrine. Pathēma
has the idea of experiencing strong physical desires particularly of a sexual
nature, it can also mean passion, lust, lustful desire, it also means to suffer
in a broader sense and interesting enough it is the word Paul uses in Romans
7:5 where he states, “...in yet while we were in the flesh [as an unbeliever]
the sinful passions [pathēma] which
were aroused by the law were at work in the members of our body to bear fruit
for death...”
But it [pathēma]
is also used to describe different kinds of suffering in scripture, for
example.
1.
2 Cor 1:5 – 7,
“...For just as the
sufferings of Christ are ours in abundance, so also our comfort is abundant
through Christ. But if we are afflicted, it is for your comfort and salvation;
or if we are comforted, it is for your comfort, which is effective in the
patient enduring of the same sufferings which we also suffer; and our hope for
you is firmly grounded, knowing that as you are sharers of our sufferings, so
also you are {sharers} of our comfort. ...”
Here it
is not the suffering of the cross, but the adversity Christ faced as He
advanced to spiritual maturity.
2.
Galatians
3.
Hebrews
4.
Hebrews
2:18 states, “For since He
Himself was tempted in that which He has suffered, He is able to come to the
aid of those who are tempted...” This is phase two suffering, this is not the
cross suffering, this is what He went through in life to prepare Him to be our
great high priest, although He was a Son He learned obedience through the
things that He suffered.
Verse 19, “...For
the anxious longing of the creation waits eagerly for the revealing of the sons
of God...”
See the suffering
is not just related to man it is related to the whole creation which suffers as
a result of the fall. Notice not teknon children
of God but huios sons of God, those who are heirs
and those who are going to rule and reign with Christ. It is these that will be
revealed with Christ when he returns at the second coming. At the Second Advent
he is going to have the curse reversed.
Paul reminds us in verse 20, “...For the creation was subjected to futility
[mataiotēs], not willingly, but because of Him who
subjected it, in hope ...”
God the Father subjected it in judgement
because of man’s sin. Man’s sin didn’t just affect man, it affected everything
in the entire universe and everything changed. There will be a change and a
reversal at what happened in Genesis chapter three.
Verse 21, “...that the creation itself also will be set free from
its slavery to corruption into the freedom of the glory of the children of
God...”
Here it is
children of God indicating the entire body that returns with Christ but it is
the sons of God there revelation which occurs at the judgement seat of Christ,
those are the ones that return to rule and reign with Christ. But the glory of
the children of God indicates the glory that belongs to every single believer
as a result of their salvation.
Verse 22, “...For
we know that the whole creation groans and suffers the pains of childbirth
together until now...”
This is what’s
going on throughout all of human history, that is why we see periods of cold,
periods of warmth, global warming isn’t anything new, about a 1000 years ago
when the Vikings were going out on their explorations Greenland was green, it
was a time of tremendous warmth, there were tall trees and grasses all over Greenland,
all over the north because of global warming. The earth goes through these
cycles, these are the results of sin in principle and so the whole creation
groans and suffers the pains of childbirth until now.
Verse 23, “...And
not only this, but also we ourselves, having the first fruits of the Spirit,
even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting eagerly for {our} adoption as
sons, the redemption of our body...”
It is all focused
on phases three, because of that we are to be motivated today to advance into
the spiritual life. So we are to go forward.
The issue of Positional
Sanctification:
i.
Eternal
realities: this relates to
our position in Christ as a result of our identification with Him in His death,
burial and resurrection. We are placed in Christ through the baptism of God the
Holy Spirit and we have about 40 different things given to us that are our
eternal possessions. Eg. we are reconciled in Christ, we are redeemed, we
are bought with a price, so that we are not ours but we belong to the Lord, we
are regenerated, we are adopted into the family of God, we are a new creation,
we are freed from the power of the sin nature, and we have a new life in
Christ, we are sealed by the Spirit and we are indwelt by the Spirit. But that
has to do with eternal realities that never change.
ii.
Temporal
realities: we have
positional realities. We are filled by means of God the Holy Spirit when we are
walking in the light. This is energised by walking by means of the Holy Spirit.
But whenever we sin we are out of fellowship in carnality operating on the sin
nature and the only way to get out of the walking in darkness pattern is to use
1 John 1:9 and to get back into fellowship, that is the whole act of
sanctification. That then is where we learn doctrine so that we can
advance.
Why do we advance? Because we understand the principle
of hope that is given in verses
Verses
“For in Hope” this
is an instrumental dative, “for by means of hope we have been saved,” this is
not phase one salvation, this is phase two salvation, delivered from the power
of sin. We have studied sōzō that it
depends on the context what saved means. Not saved form the penalty of sin
(justification) but saved from the power of sin.
Hope or elpis
in the Greek, which is confident expectation, understanding inheritance, our
confident expectation that we will spend eternity with the Father and that
there will be a judgement seat of Christ. If we have a confident expectation
for what we do not see with perseverance, that is persistent endurance or hypomonē in
the Greek, we wait eagerly for it. That is our motivation and that is what
advances us in the Spiritual life.
So there we see in a nut shell a very basic
survey of Romans 6 – 8 the principles for advancing to spiritual maturity.
Father we do thank you for
the fact that you have given us clear descriptions of why we are to be
motivated, what motivates and how we are to grow and advance in the Spiritual
life. We pray that we would be challenged by these things, challenged by our
future inheritance, the hope, the confident expectation that we have because we
know that we will be evaluated at the judgement seat of Christ and that ultimately
we want to here you say, ‘Well done good and faithful servant.’ We pray this
now in Christ name, amen.